This notebook was created to work through the examples and problems for getting and cleaning data
install.packages(“XML”)
library(XML)You can pull XML using the XML package in R. The code below accesses the w3schools site and pulls the breakfast node from the XML
fileurl <- "http://www.w3schools.com/xml/simple.xml"
doc <- xmlTreeParse(fileurl,useInternal=TRUE)
rootNode <- xmlRoot(doc)
xmlName(rootNode)This tells us that we get five different names in the rootnote (all related to food)
names(rootNode)If I want to pull the first food element
rootNode[[1]]Now if I want to keep drilling down, you can just subset by adding an additional element (in this case 1)
rootNode[[1]][[1]]xmlSApply(rootNode, xmlValue)If you want to extract some of the XML document you can use the XPath language
Link: www.stat.berkeley.edu/~statcur/Workshop2/Presentations/XML.pdf
| XPath | Description |
|---|---|
| /node | Top Level Node |
| //node | Node at any level |
| node[@attr_name] | Node with any attribute name |
| node[@attr-name='bob'] | Node with attribute name attr-name = bob |
http://www.espn.com/nfl/team/_/name/bal/baltimore-ravens
Trying to pull scores against different teams
fileUrl <- "http://espn.go.com/nfl/team/_/name/bal/baltimore-ravens"
doc <- htmlTreeParse(fileUrl, useInternal = TRUE)
scores <- xpathSApply(doc, "//li[@class='score']", xmlValue)
teams <- xpathSApply(doc, "//li[@class='team-name']", xmlValue)
scores
teamsa <- "http://sports.yahoo.com/nfl/scoreboard/"
b <- htmlTreeParse(fileURL, useInternalNodes =TRUE)
scores <- xpathSApply(doc, "//li[@id='scoreboard-group-2']",class="score")
scores//*[@id="scoreboard-group-2"]/div/ul/li1/div/a/div/div2/div1/ul/li2/div2/div/span1
Javascript Object Notation
https://api.github.com/users/jtleek/repos
Install packages needed install.packages(“jsonlite”) install.packages(“curl”)
These certificate installations were for ELVT, but they work fine off of the network install.packages(“httr”) library(httr) *set_config(config(ssl_verifypeer = 0L))
Call the library *library(jsonlite)
jsonData <- fromJSON("https://api.github.com/users/jtleek/repos")
names(jsonData)names(jsonData$owner)jsonData$owner$loginmyjson <- toJSON(iris,pretty=TRUE)
cat(myjson)iris2 <- fromJSON(myjson)
head(iris2)install.packages(‘data.table’)
library(data.table)DF = data.frame(x=rnorm(9), y=rep(c("a","b","c"), each=3),z=rnorm(9))
head(DF,3)DT = data.table(x=rnorm(9), y=rep(c("a","b","c"), each=3),z=rnorm(9))
head(DT,3)tables()DT[2,]DT[DT$y=="a"]https://d396qusza40orc.cloudfront.net/getdata%2Fdata%2Fss06hid.csv
and load the data into R. The code book, describing the variable names is here:
https://d396qusza40orc.cloudfront.net/getdata%2Fdata%2FPUMSDataDict06.pdf
How many properties are worth $1,000,000 or more?
31
53
24
2076
?download.filesetwd("~/GitHub/Kelburn_Repository")
fileUrl <- "https://d396qusza40orc.cloudfront.net/getdata%2Fdata%2Fss06hid.csv"
download.file(url=fileUrl,destfile="idaho_housing.csv")
list.files(".")?read.csv()
?data.frame()
install.packages("sqldf")
library("sqldf")
idaho_housing<- read.csv("idaho_housing.csv", header=T)
head(idaho_housing)
val_Bucket_Counts <- sqldf ("
select
VAL
,count(*) as count
from idaho_housing
group by VAL
")
val_Bucket_Counts
Use the data you loaded from Question 1. Consider the variable FES in the code book. Which of the “tidy data” principles does this variable violate?
Numeric values in tidy data can not represent categories.
Tidy data has no missing values.
X Tidy data has one variable per column.
Each variable in a tidy data set has been transformed to be interpretable.
str(idaho_housing$FES)Family type and employment status
FES_Bucket_Count <- sqldf("
select fes
, count(*) as count
from
idaho_housing
group by FES")
FES_Bucket_CountDownload the Excel spreadsheet on Natural Gas Aquisition Program here:
https://d396qusza40orc.cloudfront.net/getdata%2Fdata%2FDATA.gov_NGAP.xlsx
Read rows 18-23 and columns 7-15 into R and assign the result to a variable called:
dat What is the value of:
sum(dat\(Zip*dat\)Ext,na.rm=T) (original data source: http://catalog.data.gov/dataset/natural-gas-acquisition-program)
154339
36534720
NA
0
install.packages("xlsx")
library(xlsx)
install.packages("rJava")
library("rJava")install.packages("excel")
library("excel")
install.packages("openxlsx")
library("openxlsx")Something wrong with the file download, and ended up having to manually download it and transfer to the github folder. Must be a token issue
setwd("~/Github/Kelburn_Repository")
fileURL <- "http://d396qusza40orc.cloudfront.net/getdata%2Fdata%2FDATA.gov_NGAP.xls"
download.file(url=fileURL,destfile="Test.xls")dat<- read.xlsx("NGAP.xlsx", sheet = 1, startRow = 1, colNames = TRUE,
rowNames = FALSE, detectDates = FALSE, skipEmptyRows = TRUE,
skipEmptyCols = TRUE, rows = 18:23, cols = 7:15, check.names = FALSE,
namedRegion = NULL, na.strings = "NA", fillMergedCells = FALSE)
head(dat)sum(dat$Zip*dat$Ext,na.rm=T)Read the XML data on Baltimore restaurants from here:
https://d396qusza40orc.cloudfront.net/getdata%2Fdata%2Frestaurants.xml
How many restaurants have zipcode 21231?
181
100
127
17
install.packages(“XML”) library(“XML”) library(“sqldf”)
fileurl <- "http://d396qusza40orc.cloudfront.net/getdata%2Fdata%2Frestaurants.xml"
doc <- xmlTreeParse(fileurl,useInternal=TRUE)
rootNode <- xmlRoot(doc)
xmlName(rootNode)zip <- xpathSApply(rootNode,"//zipcode", xmlValue)
zip_data <- data.frame(zip)
query_zip <- sqldf("
select count(*) as count_zips
from zip_data
where zip in ('21231')
")
query_zipThe American Community Survey distributes downloadable data about United States communities. Download the 2006 microdata survey about housing for the state of Idaho using download.file() from here:
https://d396qusza40orc.cloudfront.net/getdata%2Fdata%2Fss06pid.csv
using the fread() command load the data into an R object
DT The following are ways to calculate the average value of the variable
pwgtp15 broken down by sex. Using the data.table package, which will deliver the fastest user time?
#https://d396qusza40orc.cloudfront.net/getdata%2Fdata%2Fss06pid.csv
URL<- https://d396qusza40orc.cloudfront.net/getdata%2Fdata%2Fss06pid.csv
download.file("http://d396qusza40orc.cloudfront.net/getdata%2Fdata%2Fss06pid.csv","ACS.csv")
library(data.table)
fread(input, sep="auto", sep2="auto", nrows=-1L, header="auto", na.strings="NA", file,
stringsAsFactors=FALSE, verbose=getOption("datatable.verbose"), autostart=1L,
skip=0L, select=NULL, drop=NULL, colClasses=NULL,
integer64=getOption("datatable.integer64"), # default: "integer64"
dec=if (sep!=".") "." else ",", col.names,
check.names=FALSE, encoding="unknown", quote="\"",
strip.white=TRUE, fill=FALSE, blank.lines.skip=FALSE, key=NULL,
showProgress=getOption("datatable.showProgress"), # default: TRUE
data.table=getOption("datatable.fread.datatable") # default: TRUE
)
DT<- fread("ACS.csv")
head(DT)mean(DT\(pwgtp15,by=DT\)SEX)
tapply(DT\(pwgtp15,DT\)SEX,mean)
mean(DT[DT$SEX==1,]\(pwgtp15); mean(DT[DT\)SEX==2,]$pwgtp15)
DT[,mean(pwgtp15),by=SEX]
rowMeans(DT)[DT$SEX==1]; rowMeans(DT)[DT$SEX==2]
sapply(split(DT\(pwgtp15,DT\)SEX),mean)
ptm <- proc.time() mean(DT\(pwgtp15,by=DT\)SEX) ### Stop the clock proc.time() - ptm
ptm <- proc.time() tapply(DT\(pwgtp15,DT\)SEX,mean) ### Stop the clock proc.time() - ptm
ptm <- proc.time() mean(DT[DT$SEX==1,]\(pwgtp15); mean(DT[DT\)SEX==2,]$pwgtp15) ### Stop the clock proc.time() - ptm
ptm <- proc.time() DT[,mean(pwgtp15),by=SEX] ### Stop the clock proc.time() - ptm
ptm <- proc.time() mean(DT[DT$SEX==1,]\(pwgtp15); mean(DT[DT\)SEX==2,]$pwgtp15) ### Stop the clock proc.time() - ptm
ptm <- proc.time() sapply(split(DT\(pwgtp15,DT\)SEX),mean) ### Stop the clock proc.time() - ptm
mysql.com
http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/installing.html
install.packages(“RMySQL”)
install.packages(“RMySQL”) library(“RMySQL”)
ucscDb <- dbConnect (MySQL(), user="genome",
host="genome-mysql.cse.ucsc.edu")
result <- dbGetQuery(ucscDb, "show databases;"); dbDisconnect(ucscDb);
[1] TRUEhg19 <- dbConnect(MySQL(),user="genome", db="hg19",host="genome-mysql.cse.ucsc.edu")
allTables <-dbListTables(hg19)
length(allTables)
[1] 11053allTables[1:5]
[1] "HInv" "HInvGeneMrna" "acembly"
[4] "acemblyClass" "acemblyPep" dbListFields(hg19,"affyU133Plus2")
[1] "bin" "matches" "misMatches"
[4] "repMatches" "nCount" "qNumInsert"
[7] "qBaseInsert" "tNumInsert" "tBaseInsert"
[10] "strand" "qName" "qSize"
[13] "qStart" "qEnd" "tName"
[16] "tSize" "tStart" "tEnd"
[19] "blockCount" "blockSizes" "qStarts"
[22] "tStarts" query <- dbSendQuery(hg19, "
select *
from affyU133Plus2
where misMatches between 1 and 3
")
Unsigned INTEGER in col 0 imported as numericUnsigned INTEGER in col 1 imported as numericUnsigned INTEGER in col 2 imported as numericUnsigned INTEGER in col 3 imported as numericUnsigned INTEGER in col 4 imported as numericUnsigned INTEGER in col 5 imported as numericUnsigned INTEGER in col 6 imported as numericUnsigned INTEGER in col 7 imported as numericUnsigned INTEGER in col 8 imported as numericUnsigned INTEGER in col 11 imported as numericUnsigned INTEGER in col 12 imported as numericUnsigned INTEGER in col 13 imported as numericUnsigned INTEGER in col 15 imported as numericUnsigned INTEGER in col 16 imported as numericUnsigned INTEGER in col 17 imported as numericUnsigned INTEGER in col 18 imported as numericaffyMis <- fetch(query); quantile(affyMis$misMatches) 0% 25% 50% 75% 100%
1 1 2 2 3 affyMisSmall <- fetch(query, n=10);dbClearResult(query)
[1] TRUEdim(affyMisSmall)
[1] 10 22dbDisconnect(hg19)
[1] TRUEsource("http://bioconductor.org/biocLite.R")
Bioconductor version 3.5 (BiocInstaller
1.26.1), ?biocLite for help
A newer version of Bioconductor is
available for this version of R,
?BiocUpgrade for helpbiocLite("rhdf5")BioC_mirror: https://bioconductor.org
Using Bioconductor 3.5 (BiocInstaller
1.26.1), R 3.4.1 (2017-06-30).
Installing package(s) ‘rhdf5’
cannot open URL 'https://bioconductor.org/packages/3.5/data/annotation/bin/macosx/el-capitan/contrib/3.4/PACKAGES.rds': HTTP status was '404 Not Found'cannot open URL 'https://bioconductor.org/packages/3.5/data/experiment/bin/macosx/el-capitan/contrib/3.4/PACKAGES.rds': HTTP status was '404 Not Found'trying URL 'https://bioconductor.org/packages/3.5/bioc/bin/macosx/el-capitan/contrib/3.4/rhdf5_2.20.0.tgz'
Content type 'application/x-gzip' length 1610584 bytes (1.5 MB)
==================================================
downloaded 1.5 MB
The downloaded binary packages are in
/var/folders/18/pgxrbyk52csf9s3nvy4y7js80000gn/T//RtmpDbpfDV/downloaded_packageslibrary(rhdf5)
created = h5createFile("example.h5")
file '/Users/jseto/Documents/GitHub/Kelburn_Repository/example.h5' already exists.created[1] FALSEcreated = h5createGroup("example.h5","foo")
Can not create group. Object with name 'foo' already exists.created = h5createGroup("example.h5","baa")Can not create group. Object with name 'baa' already exists.created = h5createGroup("example.h5","foo/foobaa")
h5ls("example.h5")h5ls("example.h5")
An open HDF5 file handle exists. If the file has changed on disk meanwhile, the function may not work properly. Run 'H5close()' to close all open HDF5 object handles.readA = h5read("example.h5","foo/A")
An open HDF5 file handle exists. If the file has changed on disk meanwhile, the function may not work properly. Run 'H5close()' to close all open HDF5 object handles.readB = h5read("example.h5","foo/foobaa/B")An open HDF5 file handle exists. If the file has changed on disk meanwhile, the function may not work properly. Run 'H5close()' to close all open HDF5 object handles.readdf = h5read("example.h5","df")An open HDF5 file handle exists. If the file has changed on disk meanwhile, the function may not work properly. Run 'H5close()' to close all open HDF5 object handles.readA [,1] [,2]
[1,] 1 6
[2,] 2 7
[3,] 3 8
[4,] 4 9
[5,] 5 10h5write(c(12,13,14),"example.h5","foo/A",index=list(1:3,1))
An open HDF5 file handle exists. If the file has changed on disk meanwhile, the function may not work properly. Run 'H5close()' to close all open HDF5 object handles.h5read("example.h5","foo/A")An open HDF5 file handle exists. If the file has changed on disk meanwhile, the function may not work properly. Run 'H5close()' to close all open HDF5 object handles. [,1] [,2]
[1,] 12 6
[2,] 13 7
[3,] 14 8
[4,] 4 9
[5,] 5 10htmlCode = readLines(con)
incomplete final line found on 'http://scholar.google.com/citations?user=HI-I6C0AAAAJ&hl=en'close(con)
htmlCode [1] "<!doctype html><html><head><title>Jeff Leek - Google Scholar Citations</title><meta http-equiv=\"Content-Type\" content=\"text/html;charset=ISO-8859-1\"><meta http-equiv=\"X-UA-Compatible\" content=\"IE=Edge\"><meta name=\"referrer\" content=\"always\"><meta name=\"viewport\" content=\"width=device-width,initial-scale=1,minimum-scale=1,maximum-scale=2\"><style>@viewport{width:device-width;min-zoom:1;max-zoom:2;}</style><meta name=\"format-detection\" content=\"telephone=no\"><link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"http://scholar.google.com/citations?user=HI-I6C0AAAAJ&hl=en\"><style>html,body,form,table,div,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,img,ol,ul,li,button{margin:0;padding:0;border:0;}table{border-collapse:collapse;border-width:0;empty-cells:show;}html,body{height:100%}#gs_top{position:relative;box-sizing:border-box;min-height:100%;min-width:964px;-webkit-tap-highlight-color:rgba(0,0,0,0);}#gs_top>*:not(#x){-webkit-tap-highlight-color:rgba(204,204,204,.5);}.gs_el_ph #gs_top,.gs_el_ta #gs_top{min-width:320px;}#gs_top.gs_nscl{position:fixed;width:100%;}body,td,input,button{font-size:13px;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;line-height:1.24;}body{background:#fff;color:#222;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;-moz-text-size-adjust:none;}.gs_gray{color:#777777}.gs_red{color:#dd4b39}.gs_grn{color:#006621}.gs_lil{font-size:11px}.gs_med{font-size:16px}.gs_smcp{font-variant:small-caps}.gs_hlt{font-weight:bold;}a:link{color:#1a0dab;text-decoration:none}a:visited{color:#660099;text-decoration:none}a:hover,a:active,a:hover .gs_lbl,a:active .gs_lbl,a .gs_lbl:active{text-decoration:underline;outline:none;}a:active,a:active .gs_lbl,a .gs_lbl:active{color:#d14836}.gs_a,.gs_a a:link,.gs_a a:visited{color:#006621}.gs_a a:active{color:#d14836}a.gs_fl:link,.gs_fl a:link{color:#1a0dab}a.gs_fl:visited,.gs_fl a:visited{color:#660099}a.gs_fl:active,.gs_fl 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.gs_ota,.gs_el_ph .gs_oph{display:inline}.gs_el_ta div.gs_ota,.gs_el_ph div.gs_oph{display:block}.gs_sth_g{visibility:hidden;max-height:0;}.gs_sth_vis .gs_sth_g{max-height:1000px;}.gs_sth_vis .gs_sth_b{position:fixed;top:0;}.gs_rimg{display:block;background-color:#e5e5e5;border-radius:50%;overflow:hidden;position:relative;z-index:1;}.gs_rimg>img{position:absolute;margin:auto;left:0;top:0;bottom:0;right:0;}.gs_in_txtw{display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;}.gs_in_txtb{display:block;}.gs_in_txt{color:#000;background-color:#fff;font-size:16px;box-sizing:border-box;height:29px;line-height:23px;border:1px solid #d9d9d9;border-top-color:#c0c0c0;padding:3px 6px 1px 8px;border-radius:1px;outline:none;-webkit-appearance:none;-moz-appearance:none;}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_txt{font-size:18px;}.gs_in_txtb .gs_in_txt{width:100%;}.gs_in_txt:hover{border-color:#b9b9b9;border-top-color:#a0a0a0;box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);}.gs_in_txte 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button.gs_btn_mta{height:41px;}button .gs_wr{position:relative;display:inline-block;width:100%;height:100%;}button .gs_wr:before{content:\"\";width:0;height:100%;}button .gs_wr:before,button .gs_ico,button .gs_rdt,button .gs_lbl,button .gs_icm{display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;}button .gs_wr{font-size:13px;text-transform:none;}.gs_btn_lrge .gs_wr{font-size:15px;}.gs_btn_lsb .gs_wr{font-size:11px;font-weight:bold;}.gs_btn_lsu .gs_wr{font-size:11px;text-transform:uppercase;}.gs_btn_lrge.gs_btn_lsb .gs_wr,.gs_btn_lrge.gs_btn_lsu .gs_wr{font-size:13px;}.gs_btn_half,.gs_el_ta .gs_btn_hta,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_hph{min-width:36px;}.gs_btn_lrge.gs_btn_half,.gs_el_ta .gs_btn_lrge.gs_btn_hta,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_lrge.gs_btn_hph,.gs_el_ta .gs_btn_mta,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_mph{min-width:41px;}.gs_btn_slt{border-radius:3px 0 0 3px;}.gs_btn_srt{margin-left:-1px;border-radius:0 3px 3px 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[33] "var Sb=function(a){a=a.a.keyCode;return 32==a||13==a},Rb=function(a){O(K(\"gs-press\",a.currentTarget,a.a))},Xb=function(){D(document,Vb,Wb,!0);clearTimeout(Pb);Pb=void 0},Wb=function(a){\"mousedown\"!=a.type&&10>Math.abs(a.clientX-Tb)&&10>Math.abs(a.clientY-Ub)?(Aa(a),\"click\"==a.type&&Xb()):Xb()},cc=function(){D(document,ac,bc,!0);clearTimeout(Qb);Qb=void 0},bc=function(a){\"touchstart\"!=a.type&&10>Math.abs(a.clientX-Zb)&&10>Math.abs(a.clientY-$b)?(Aa(a),\"click\"==a.type&&cc()):cc()},Tb=0,Ub=0,Vb=[\"mousedown\","
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[46] "N(\".gsc_prf_pel\",[\"click\",\"keydown\"],function(a){(\"keydown\"!=a.type||13==a.a.keyCode&&a.a&&!Ba(a.a))&&Qc()});N(\"#gsc_prf_pufii\",\"change\",function(){w(\"gsc_prf_puf\").submit()});N(\".gsc_prf_tab\",\"click\",function(a){var b=w(\"gsc_bdy\");b.setAttribute(\"data-tab\",a.currentTarget.id);b=b.querySelectorAll(\".gsc_prf_tab\");for(var c=0;c<b.length;c++){var d=b[c];d.setAttribute(\"aria-selected\",\"\"+(d==a.currentTarget))}});F(function(){ub.add(Rc);Rc()});"
[47] "N(\"#gsc_md_cbym_e\",\"click\",function(a){a=a.currentTarget.getAttribute(\"data-href\")||\"\";Db(a)});M(oc,pc);F(Gc);N(\".gsc_a_x\",\"change\",Gc);N(\"#gsc_x_all\",\"gs-change\",function(a){var b=P(a.currentTarget);a=2==b?Fc:Dc();b=0!=b;for(var c=a.length;c--;)a[c].checked=b;Ec()});N(\".gsc_a_at\",\"click\",function(a){J(a);Db(a.currentTarget.getAttribute(\"data-href\"))});"
[48] "N(\".gsc_a_acm\",\"click\",function(a){J(a);var b=a.currentTarget;a=b.href;var c=b.getAttribute(\"data-eid\")||\"\";b=(b.getAttribute(\"data-eud\")||\"\")+\",\"+c;c=w(\"gsc_md_cbyd_f\");var d=w(\"gsc_md_cbyd_merge\");c.elements.s.value=b;w(\"gsc_md_cbyd_c\").href=a;d&&(d.disabled=!0);Ab(\"gsc_md_cbyd\",\"gsc_md_cbyd_l\",c.action,\"merge_btn=1&s=\"+b,Bc)});"
[49] "N(\".gsc_a_am\",\"click\",function(a){a=a.currentTarget.getAttribute(\"data-eid\")||\"\";var b=w(\"gsc_md_cbym_l\").getAttribute(\"data-act\")||\"\",c=\"merge_btn=1&s=\"+a,d=w(\"gsc_md_cbym_e\");d&&d.setAttribute(\"data-href\",(d.getAttribute(\"data-href\")||\"\").replace(/(&citation_for_view=)[^&]*/,\"$1\"+a));Ab(\"gsc_md_cbym\",\"gsc_md_cbym_l\",b,c)});"
[50] "N(\"#gs_sth\",\"gs-sth-change\",function(a){var b=w(\"gsc_a_tr0\"),c=w(\"gsc_a_trh\"),d=b.querySelector(\".gsc_a_t\"),e=c.querySelector(\".gsc_a_t\");r(a.currentTarget,\"gs_sth_vis\")?(e.style.width=d.offsetWidth+\"px\",b.style.height=c.offsetHeight+\"px\"):e.style.width=b.style.height=\"auto\"});N(\"#gs_md_cita-b-edit\",\"click\",function(){var a=w(\"gsc_ocd_bdy\");a&&(q(a,\"gsc_ocd_bdy_view\"),Bb(\"edit\"),xb(\"gs_md_cita-d\"))});N(\"#gs_md_cita-b-trash\",\"click\",function(){Fb(\"trash_citations\")});"
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[52] "N(\".gsc_ecd_form_tsel\",\"click\",function(a){var b=w(\"gsc_ecd_table\"),c=y(w(\"gsc_ecd_form\"),\"articletype\");a=a.currentTarget;c.value=a.getAttribute(\"data-type\")||\"\";b.className=a.getAttribute(\"data-class\")||\"\";b=document.querySelectorAll(\"#gsc_ecd_citation_type button\");for(c=b.length;c--;)t(b[c],\"gs_sel\",b[c]==a)});"
[53] "}({\"bouncePrefix\":\"http://scholar.google.com\",\"neverBounce\":!1,\"customAC\":0});</script></head><body><div id=\"gs_top\" onclick=\"\"><style>#gs_md_s,.gs_md_wnw{z-index:1200;position:fixed;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:100%;visibility:hidden;}#gs_md_s{background-color:#fff;opacity:.5;}.gs_el_ta #gs_md_s,.gs_el_ph #gs_md_s{background-color:#666;}.gs_md_wnw{transition:all 0s .218s;}#gs_md_s.gs_vis,.gs_md_wnw.gs_vis{visibility:visible;transition:all 0s;}.gs_md_wnw>.gs_md_d{position:relative;margin:0 auto;width:464px;box-shadow:2px 2px 8px rgba(0,0,0,.2);white-space:normal;}.gs_el_ta .gs_md_wnw>.gs_md_d,.gs_el_ph .gs_md_wnw>.gs_md_d{box-shadow:2px 2px 8px rgba(0,0,0,.65);}.gs_el_ph .gs_md_wnw>.gs_md_d{width:80%;max-width:440px;}.gs_el_ph .gs_md_wmw>.gs_md_d{width:100%;height:100%;max-width:none;border:none;box-shadow:none;transform:translate(0,100%);transform:translate(0,100vh);transition:transform .218s ease-out,opacity 0s .218s,visibility 0s .218s,max-height 0s .218s;}.gs_el_ph .gs_md_wmw>.gs_md_d.gs_vis{transform:translate(0,0);transition:transform .218s ease-out;}.gs_md_hdr{display:flex;align-items:center;height:47px;border-bottom:1px solid #e0e0e0;border-bottom-color:rgba(0,0,0,.12);background-color:#f5f5f5;}.gs_md_hdr_c,.gs_md_hdr_b{flex:0 0 auto;}a.gs_md_hdr_c.gs_btn_lrge{width:41px;height:47px;}.gs_el_ph .gs_md_hdr_c{margin-left:2px;}.gs_md_hdr_b{margin:0 41px 0 16px;}.gs_el_ph .gs_md_hdr_b{margin:0 16px;}.gs_md_hdr_t:empty~.gs_md_hdr_b{margin-left:0;}.gs_md_hdr_b:empty{width:41px;margin:0;}.gs_el_ph .gs_md_hdr_b:empty{margin-right:2px;}.gs_md_hdr_b>button{min-width:51px;height:33px;}.gs_md_hdr_t{flex:1 1 auto;font-size:18px;font-weight:normal;color:#666;overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;white-space:nowrap;text-align:center;}.gs_md_bdy{overflow-y:auto;box-sizing:border-box;padding:24px 41px 0 41px;}.gs_md_bdy:after{display:block;content:\"\";clear:both;padding-bottom:24px;}.gs_el_ph .gs_md_bdy{padding:16px 16px 0 16px;}.gs_el_ph .gs_md_bdy:after{padding-bottom:16px;}.gs_el_ph .gs_md_wmw .gs_md_bdy{position:absolute;width:100%;top:48px;bottom:0;}.gs_md_lbl{display:block;font-size:16px;margin:0 0 16px 0;word-wrap:break-word;}.gs_md_btns{margin:24px 0 0 0;white-space:nowrap;}.gs_el_ph .gs_md_btns{margin:16px 0 0 0;}.gs_md_btns button{margin-right:16px;}.gs_md_btns button:last-child{margin-right:0;}.gs_md_prg{margin:24px 0;text-align:center;}.gs_md_prg .gs_alrt{padding:4px 16px;}.gs_md_ldg:before{content:\"\";position:absolute;top:0;left:0;bottom:0;right:0;background-color:#fff;opacity:.5;z-index:100;}</style><div id=\"gs_md_ldg\" style=\"display:none\">Loading...</div><div id=\"gs_md_err\" style=\"display:none\">The system can't perform the operation now. Try again later.</div><div id=\"gs_md_s\"></div><div data-h=\"0\" class=\"gs_md_wnw\"><div id=\"gsc_md_hist\" class=\"gs_md_d gs_ttzi\" role=\"dialog\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-labelledby=\"gsc_md_hist-t\" data-wfc=\"gsc_md_hist-x\"><div class=\"gs_md_hdr\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\" id=\"gsc_md_hist-x\" role=\"button\" aria-label=\"Cancel\" data-mdx=\"gsc_md_hist\" class=\"gs_btnCLS gs_md_x gs_md_hdr_c gs_in_ib gs_btn_lrge\"><span class=\"gs_ico\"></span><span class=\"gs_lbl\"></span></a><h2 id=\"gsc_md_hist-t\" class=\"gs_md_hdr_t\">Citations per year</h2><div class=\"gs_md_hdr_b\"></div></div><div id=\"gsc_md_hist-bdy\" class=\"gs_md_bdy\"><style>#gsc_md_hist{width:80%;max-width:386px;}#gsc_md_hist_c{position:relative;width:100%;}</style><div id=\"gsc_md_hist_c\"></div></div></div></div><div data-h=\"600\" class=\"gs_md_wnw gs_md_wmw\"><div id=\"gsc_md_cbyd\" class=\"gs_md_d gs_ttzi\" role=\"dialog\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-labelledby=\"gsc_md_cbyd-t\" data-wfc=\"gsc_md_cbyd-x\"><div class=\"gs_md_hdr\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\" id=\"gsc_md_cbyd-x\" role=\"button\" aria-label=\"Cancel\" data-mdx=\"gsc_md_cbyd\" class=\"gs_btnCLS gs_md_x gs_md_hdr_c gs_in_ib gs_btn_lrge\"><span class=\"gs_ico\"></span><span class=\"gs_lbl\"></span></a><h2 id=\"gsc_md_cbyd-t\" class=\"gs_md_hdr_t\">Duplicate citations</h2><div class=\"gs_md_hdr_b\"></div></div><div id=\"gsc_md_cbyd-bdy\" class=\"gs_md_bdy\"><form id=\"gsc_md_cbyd_f\" action=\"/citations?hl=en&oe=ASCII&user=HI-I6C0AAAAJ&view_op=list_works\" method=\"post\"><input type=\"hidden\" name=\"s\" value=\"\"><div class=\"gs_md_lbl\">The following articles are merged in Scholar. Their <a id=\"gsc_md_cbyd_c\" href=\"javascript:void(0)\">combined citations</a> are counted only for the first article.</div><div id=\"gsc_md_cbyd_l\"></div></form></div></div></div><div data-h=\"600\" class=\"gs_md_wnw gs_md_wmw\"><div id=\"gsc_md_cbym\" class=\"gs_md_d gs_ttzi\" role=\"dialog\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-labelledby=\"gsc_md_cbym-t\" data-wfc=\"gsc_md_cbym-x\"><div class=\"gs_md_hdr\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\" id=\"gsc_md_cbym-x\" role=\"button\" aria-label=\"Cancel\" data-mdx=\"gsc_md_cbym\" class=\"gs_btnCLS gs_md_x gs_md_hdr_c gs_in_ib gs_btn_lrge\"><span class=\"gs_ico\"></span><span class=\"gs_lbl\"></span></a><h2 id=\"gsc_md_cbym-t\" class=\"gs_md_hdr_t\">Merged citations</h2><div class=\"gs_md_hdr_b\"></div></div><div id=\"gsc_md_cbym-bdy\" class=\"gs_md_bdy\"><div class=\"gs_md_lbl\">This \"Cited by\" count includes citations to the following articles in Scholar. The ones marked <span id=\"gsc_md_cbym_s\">*</span> may be different from the article in the profile.</div><div id=\"gsc_md_cbym_l\" data-act=\"/citations?hl=en&oe=ASCII&user=HI-I6C0AAAAJ&view_op=list_works\"></div></div></div></div><div data-h=\"900\" class=\"gs_md_wnw gs_md_wmw\"><div id=\"gsc_md_cod\" class=\"gs_md_d gs_ttzi gsc_cod_lc\" role=\"dialog\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-labelledby=\"gsc_md_cod-t\" data-wfc=\"gsc_md_cod-x\"><div class=\"gs_md_hdr\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\" id=\"gsc_md_cod-x\" role=\"button\" aria-label=\"Cancel\" data-mdx=\"gsc_md_cod\" class=\"gs_btnCLS gs_md_x gs_md_hdr_c gs_in_ib gs_btn_lrge\"><span class=\"gs_ico\"></span><span class=\"gs_lbl\"></span></a><h2 id=\"gsc_md_cod-t\" class=\"gs_md_hdr_t\"><span id=\"gsc_cod_t\"><span id=\"gsc_cod_tadd\">Add co-authors</span><span id=\"gsc_cod_tedit\">Co-authors</span><a id=\"gsc_cod_trev\" href=\"javascript:void(0)\" data-txt=\"Review\" data-lim=\"Limit reached\"></a></span></h2><div class=\"gs_md_hdr_b\"><button type=\"button\" id=\"gsc_cod_done\" aria-label=\"Add co-authors\" disabled class=\"gs_btnDNW gs_in_ib gs_btn_act gs_btn_half gs_btn_lsb\"><span class=\"gs_wr\"><span class=\"gs_ico\"></span><span class=\"gs_lbl\"></span></span></button></div></div><div id=\"gsc_md_cod-bdy\" class=\"gs_md_bdy\"><div id=\"gsc_cods_urls\" class=\"gsc_cods_hide\" data-ls=\"\" data-lc=\"/citations?view_op=list_colleagues&hl=en&oe=ASCII&json=&user=HI-I6C0AAAAJ\" data-sa=\"\"></div><form id=\"gsc_cods_save\" action=\"\" method=\"POST\"><input type=\"hidden\" name=\"colleague_add\"><input type=\"hidden\" name=\"colleague_del\"></form><div id=\"gsc_cods_res\"></div></div></div></div><div data-h=\"800\" class=\"gs_md_wnw gs_md_wmw\"><div id=\"gs_md_cita-d\" class=\"gs_md_d gs_ttzi\" role=\"dialog\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-labelledby=\"gs_md_cita-d-t\" data-wfc=\"gs_md_cita-d-x\"><div class=\"gs_md_hdr\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\" id=\"gs_md_cita-d-x\" role=\"button\" aria-label=\"Cancel\" data-mdx=\"gs_md_cita-d\" class=\"gs_btnCLS gs_md_x gs_md_hdr_c gs_in_ib gs_btn_lrge\"><span class=\"gs_ico\"></span><span class=\"gs_lbl\"></span></a><h2 id=\"gs_md_cita-d-t\" class=\"gs_md_hdr_t\"></h2><div class=\"gs_md_hdr_b\"><button type=\"button\" id=\"gs_md_cita-b-edit\" aria-label=\"Edit\" class=\"gs_btnC gs_in_ib gs_btn_lsb\"><span class=\"gs_wr\"><span class=\"gs_ico\"></span><span class=\"gs_lbl\"></span></span></button><button type=\"button\" id=\"gs_md_cita-b-trash\" aria-label=\"Delete\" class=\"gs_btnDE gs_in_ib gs_btn_lsb\"><span class=\"gs_wr\"><span class=\"gs_ico\"></span><span class=\"gs_lbl\"></span></span></button><button type=\"button\" id=\"gs_md_cita-b-rstr\" class=\" gs_btn_lsb\"><span class=\"gs_wr\"><span class=\"gs_lbl\">Restore</span></span></button><button type=\"button\" id=\"gs_md_cita-b-delf\" class=\" gs_btn_lsb\"><span class=\"gs_wr\"><span class=\"gs_lbl\">Delete Forever</span></span></button><button type=\"button\" id=\"gs_md_cita-b-save\" aria-label=\"Save\" class=\"gs_btnDNW gs_in_ib gs_btn_act gs_btn_half gs_btn_lsb\"><span class=\"gs_wr\"><span class=\"gs_ico\"></span><span class=\"gs_lbl\"></span></span></button></div></div><div id=\"gs_md_cita-d-bdy\" class=\"gs_md_bdy\"><style>#gs_md_cita-d{width:90%;max-width:1000px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_md_cita-d{width:100%;max-width:none;}#gs_md_cita-d .gs_md_prg{min-height:600px;}#gs_md_cita-b-edit,#gs_md_cita-b-trash,#gs_md_cita-b-rstr,#gs_md_cita-b-delf,#gs_md_cita-b-save{display:none;}.gs_md_cita-view #gs_md_cita-b-edit,.gs_md_cita-view #gs_md_cita-b-trash,.gs_md_cita-trash #gs_md_cita-b-rstr,.gs_md_cita-trash #gs_md_cita-b-delf,.gs_md_cita-edit #gs_md_cita-b-save{display:inline-block;}#gs_md_cita-b-trash,#gs_md_cita-b-delf{margin-left:16px;}</style><div id=\"gs_md_cita-l\" aria-live=\"assertive\"></div></div></div></div><div data-h=\"0\" class=\"gs_md_wnw gs_md_wmw\"><div id=\"gsc_md_fol\" class=\"gs_md_d gs_ttzi\" role=\"dialog\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-labelledby=\"gsc_md_fol-t\" data-wfc=\"gsc_md_fol-x\"><div class=\"gs_md_hdr\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\" id=\"gsc_md_fol-x\" role=\"button\" aria-label=\"Cancel\" data-mdx=\"gsc_md_fol\" class=\"gs_btnCLS gs_md_x gs_md_hdr_c gs_in_ib gs_btn_lrge\"><span class=\"gs_ico\"></span><span class=\"gs_lbl\"></span></a><h2 id=\"gsc_md_fol-t\" class=\"gs_md_hdr_t\">Follow this author</h2><div class=\"gs_md_hdr_b\"></div></div><div id=\"gsc_md_fol-bdy\" class=\"gs_md_bdy\"><form method=\"post\" id=\"gsc_fol_f\" action=\"/citations?hl=en&oe=ASCII&user=HI-I6C0AAAAJ&view_op=list_works\"><input type=\"hidden\" name=\"xsrf\" value=\"AMstHGQAAAAAWiEJpSDY3jl5vVBkd-M9lTivocU-bzv2\"><input type=\"hidden\" name=\"user\" value=\"HI-I6C0AAAAJ\"><input type=\"hidden\" id=\"gsc_fol_unfl_art\" name=\"\"><input type=\"hidden\" id=\"gsc_fol_unfl_cit\" name=\"\"><input type=\"hidden\" id=\"gsc_fol_unfl_rel\" name=\"\"><input type=\"hidden\" id=\"gsc_fol_fl_art\" name=\"\"><input type=\"hidden\" id=\"gsc_fol_fl_cit\" name=\"\"><input type=\"hidden\" id=\"gsc_fol_fl_rel\" name=\"\"><div id=\"gsc_fol_cb\"><div class=\"gsc_fol_cr\"><a id=\"gsc_fol_a\" href=\"javascript:void(0)\" role=\"checkbox\" aria-checked=\"false\" data-s=\"0\" class=\"gs_cb_gen gs_in_cb\"><span class=\"gs_cb_wr\"><span class=\"gs_lbl\">New articles by this author</span><span class=\"gs_chk\"></span><span class=\"gs_cbx\"></span></span></a></div><div class=\"gsc_fol_cr\"><a id=\"gsc_fol_c\" href=\"javascript:void(0)\" role=\"checkbox\" aria-checked=\"false\" data-s=\"0\" class=\"gs_cb_gen gs_in_cb\"><span class=\"gs_cb_wr\"><span class=\"gs_lbl\">New citations to this author</span><span class=\"gs_chk\"></span><span class=\"gs_cbx\"></span></span></a></div><div class=\"gsc_fol_cr\"><a id=\"gsc_fol_r\" href=\"javascript:void(0)\" role=\"checkbox\" aria-checked=\"false\" data-s=\"0\" class=\"gs_cb_gen gs_in_cb\"><span class=\"gs_cb_wr\"><span class=\"gs_lbl\">New articles related to this author's research</span><span class=\"gs_chk\"></span><span class=\"gs_cbx\"></span></span></a></div></div><label id=\"gsc_fol_ml\" for=\"gsc_fol_m\">Email address for updates</label><div class=\"gs_in_txtw gs_in_txtb\"><input type=\"text\" class=\"gs_in_txt\" name=\"email_for_op\" value=\"\" id=\"gsc_fol_m\" maxlength=\"100\" autocapitalize=\"off\" autocorrect=\"off\"></div><div class=\"gs_md_btns\"><button type=\"submit\" id=\"gsc_fol_b\" class=\" gs_btn_act gs_btn_lrge gs_btn_lsu\"><span class=\"gs_wr\"><span class=\"gs_lbl\">Done</span></span></button></div></form></div></div></div><!--[if lte IE 9]><div class=\"gs_alrt\" style=\"padding:16px\"><div>Sorry, some features may not work in this version of Internet Explorer.</div><div>Please use <a href=\"//www.google.com/chrome/\">Google Chrome</a> or <a href=\"//www.mozilla.com/firefox/\">Mozilla Firefox</a> for the best experience.</div></div><![endif]--><div id=\"gs_hdr_drs\"></div><div id=\"gs_hdr_drw\" class=\"gs_md_ulr\" role=\"dialog\" tabindex=\"-1\" data-wfc=\"gs_hdr_drw_mnu\"><div id=\"gs_hdr_drw_in\"><div id=\"gs_hdr_drw_top\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\" id=\"gs_hdr_drw_mnu\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"gs_hdr_drw\" aria-label=\"Options\" class=\"gs_btnMNT gs_in_ib gs_btn_lrge\"><span class=\"gs_ico\"></span><span class=\"gs_lbl\"></span></a><a id=\"gs_hdr_drw_lgo\" href=\"/schhp?hl=en&oe=ASCII\" aria-label=\"Homepage\"></a><a href=\"/scholar_settings?hl=en&oe=ASCII\" id=\"gs_hdr_drw_set\" role=\"button\" aria-label=\"Settings\" class=\"gs_btnP gs_in_ib gs_btn_lrge\"><span class=\"gs_ico\"></span><span class=\"gs_lbl\"></span></a></div><div><div class=\"gs_hdr_drw_sec\"><a href=\"/citations?hl=en&oe=ASCII\" role=\"menuitem\" class=\"gs_btnPRO gs_in_ib gs_md_li gs_md_lix gs_in_gray\"><span class=\"gs_ico\"></span><span class=\"gs_lbl\">My profile</span></a><a href=\"/scholar?scilib=1&hl=en&oe=ASCII\" role=\"menuitem\" class=\"gs_btnL gs_in_ib gs_md_li gs_md_lix gs_in_gray\"><span class=\"gs_ico\"></span><span class=\"gs_lbl\">My library</span></a><a href=\"/citations?view_op=metrics_intro&hl=en&oe=ASCII\" role=\"menuitem\" class=\"gs_btnJ gs_in_ib gs_md_li gs_md_lix gs_in_gray\"><span class=\"gs_ico\"></span><span class=\"gs_lbl\">Metrics</span></a><a href=\"/scholar_alerts?view_op=list_alerts&hl=en&oe=ASCII\" role=\"menuitem\" class=\"gs_btnM gs_in_ib gs_md_li gs_md_lix gs_in_gray\"><span class=\"gs_ico\"></span><span class=\"gs_lbl\">Alerts</span></a></div><div class=\"gs_hdr_drw_sec\" id=\"gs_hdr_drw_bs\"><a href=\"/scholar_settings?hl=en&oe=ASCII\" role=\"menuitem\" class=\"gs_btnP gs_in_ib gs_md_li gs_md_lix gs_in_gray\"><span class=\"gs_ico\"></span><span class=\"gs_lbl\">Settings</span></a></div></div><div id=\"gs_hdr_drw_bot\" class=\"gs_hdr_drw_sec\"><a href=\"https://accounts.google.com/Login?hl=en&continue=https://scholar.google.com/schhp%3Fhl%3Den%26oe%3DASCII\" class=\" gs_in_ib gs_md_li gs_md_lix gs_in_gray\"><span class=\"gs_ico\"></span><span class=\"gs_lbl\">Sign in</span></a><img class=\"gs_hdr_pp\" alt=\"\" src=\"\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" srcset=\" 1.5x\"></div></div></div><div id=\"gs_hdr\" role=\"banner\" class=\"gs_hdr_src\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\" id=\"gs_hdr_mnu\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"gs_hdr_drw\" class=\"gs_btnMNT gs_in_ib gs_btn_lrge\"><span class=\"gs_ico\"></span><span class=\"gs_lbl\"></span></a><a id=\"gs_hdr_lgo\" class=\"\" href=\"/schhp?hl=en&oe=ASCII\" aria-label=\"Homepage\"></a><div id=\"gs_hdr_md\"><div id=\"gs_hdr_srch\"><form id=\"gs_hdr_frm\" action=\"/citations\"><input type=hidden name=view_op value=\"search_authors\"><input type=hidden name=hl value=\"en\"><input type=hidden name=oe value=\"ASCII\"><div class=\"gs_in_txtw gs_in_txtb\"><input type=\"text\" class=\"gs_in_txt\" name=\"mauthors\" value=\"\" id=\"gs_hdr_tsi\" placeholder=\"Search profiles\" size=\"50\" maxlength=\"2048\" autocapitalize=\"off\" aria-label=\"Search\"></div><span id=\"gs_hdr_tsc\"><span 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class=\"gsc_rsb\" role=\"navigation\"><a id=\"gsc_rsb_gpl\" class=\"gsc_rsb_s\" href=\"/citations?hl=en&oe=ASCII\">Get my own profile</a><div class=\"gsc_rsb_s gsc_prf_pnl\" id=\"gsc_rsb_cit\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"gsc_prf_t-cit\"><h3 class=\"gsc_rsb_header\"><span class=\"gsc_rsb_title\">Cited by</span><button type=\"button\" id=\"gsc_hist_opn\" class=\" gs_btn_flat gs_btn_flact gs_btn_lrge gs_btn_half gs_btn_lsu gsc_rsb_action\"><span class=\"gs_wr\"><span class=\"gs_lbl\">View all</span></span></button></h3><table id=\"gsc_rsb_st\"><thead><tr><th class=\"gsc_rsb_sth\"></th><th class=\"gsc_rsb_sth\">All</th><th class=\"gsc_rsb_sth\">Since 2012</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td class=\"gsc_rsb_sc1\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\" class=\"gsc_rsb_f gs_ibl\" title=\"This is the number of citations to all publications. The second column has the "recent" version of this metric which is the number of new citations in the last 5 years to all publications.\">Citations</a></td><td class=\"gsc_rsb_std\">5920</td><td class=\"gsc_rsb_std\">4907</td></tr><tr><td class=\"gsc_rsb_sc1\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\" class=\"gsc_rsb_f gs_ibl\" title=\"h-index is the largest number h such that h publications have at least h citations. The second column has the "recent" version of this metric which is the largest number h such that h publications have at least h new citations in the last 5 years.\">h-index</a></td><td class=\"gsc_rsb_std\">29</td><td class=\"gsc_rsb_std\">29</td></tr><tr><td class=\"gsc_rsb_sc1\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\" class=\"gsc_rsb_f gs_ibl\" title=\"i10-index is the number of publications with at least 10 citations. The second column has the "recent" version of this metric which is the number of publications that have received at least 10 new citations in the last 5 years.\">i10-index</a></td><td class=\"gsc_rsb_std\">46</td><td class=\"gsc_rsb_std\">46</td></tr></tbody></table><style>.gsc_g_t{position:absolute;bottom:0;color:#777;font-size:11px;}.gsc_g_a{position:absolute;bottom:13px;width:15px;background:#777;}.gsc_g_a:hover,.gsc_g_a:focus,.gsc_g_a:active{text-decoration:none;cursor:default;}.gsc_g_al{position:absolute;bottom:15px;left:7px;color:#222;background:white;font-size:11px;padding:1px;border:1px solid #777;border-radius:1px;visibility:hidden;opacity:0;transition:opacity .218s,visibility 0s .218s;}.gsc_g_a:hover .gsc_g_al,.gsc_g_a:focus .gsc_g_al,.gsc_g_a:active .gsc_g_al{visibility:visible;opacity:1;transition:all 0s;}#gsc_md_hist{max-width:454px;}.gsc_md_hist_w{position:relative;overflow:hidden;margin-right:43px;}.gs_md_bdy .gsc_md_hist_w,.gs_el_ph .gsc_md_hist_w,.gs_el_ta .gsc_md_hist_w{overflow-x:auto;padding-bottom:16px;}.gsc_md_hist_b{position:relative;height:174px;width:100%;}.gsc_md_hist_b .gsc_g_a{bottom:auto;}.gsc_md_hist_b .gsc_g_t{bottom:auto;top:161px;}.gsc_md_hist_b:after{position:absolute;right:408px;content:\"\\00A0\";}.gsc_g_hist_x{position:relative;margin-right:45px;}.gsc_g_hist_xl{position:absolute;right:8px;width:35px;}.gs_el_ta .gsc_g_hist_xl,.gs_el_ph .gsc_g_hist_xl{right:16px;}.gsc_g_hist_wrp{padding-top:32px;position:relative;}.gs_el_ta .gsc_g_hist_wrp,.gs_el_ph .gsc_g_hist_wrp{padding-right:8px;}.gs_md_bdy .gsc_g_hist_wrp{border-top:0;}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_bdy .gsc_g_hist_wrp:after,.gs_el_tc.gs_el_ph .gsc_g_hist_wrp:after,.gs_el_tc.gs_el_ta .gsc_g_hist_wrp:after{display:block;content:\"\";position:absolute;z-index:100;top:0;left:0;width:20px;height:100%;background-image:linear-gradient(to left,rgba(255,255,255,0),rgba(255,255,255,1) 80%);}.gsc_g_x,.gsc_g_xt{position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:1px solid #eee;width:100%;text-align:right;}.gsc_g_x{border-bottom:1px solid #eee;}.gsc_g_xtl{position:absolute;color:#777;}.gsc_g_gtr{position:absolute;}.gsc_g_a:last-child .gsc_g_al{right:0;left:auto;}</style><div class=\"gsc_g_hist_wrp\" dir=\"rtl\"><div class=\"gsc_g_hist_x\"><div class=\"gsc_g_x\" style=\"top:160px;\"></div><div class=\"gsc_g_xt\" style=\"top:0px;\"></div><div class=\"gsc_g_xt\" style=\"top:80px;\"></div><div class=\"gsc_g_xt\" style=\"top:120px;\"></div><div class=\"gsc_g_xt\" style=\"top:40px;\"></div></div><div class=\"gsc_g_hist_xl\"><div class=\"gsc_g_xtl\" style=\"top:153px;\">0</div><div class=\"gsc_g_xtl\" style=\"top:-7px;\">1300</div><div class=\"gsc_g_xtl\" style=\"top:73px;\">650</div><div class=\"gsc_g_xtl\" style=\"top:113px;\">325</div><div class=\"gsc_g_xtl\" style=\"top:33px;\">975</div></div><div class=\"gsc_md_hist_w\"><div class=\"gsc_md_hist_b\"><span class=\"gsc_g_t\" style=\"right:355px\">2006</span><span class=\"gsc_g_t\" style=\"right:323px\">2007</span><span class=\"gsc_g_t\" style=\"right:291px\">2008</span><span class=\"gsc_g_t\" style=\"right:259px\">2009</span><span class=\"gsc_g_t\" style=\"right:227px\">2010</span><span class=\"gsc_g_t\" style=\"right:195px\">2011</span><span class=\"gsc_g_t\" style=\"right:163px\">2012</span><span class=\"gsc_g_t\" style=\"right:131px\">2013</span><span class=\"gsc_g_t\" style=\"right:99px\">2014</span><span class=\"gsc_g_t\" style=\"right:67px\">2015</span><span class=\"gsc_g_t\" style=\"right:35px\">2016</span><span class=\"gsc_g_t\" style=\"right:3px\">2017</span><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\" class=\"gsc_g_a\" style=\"right:360px;top:154px;height:6px;z-index:12\"><span class=\"gsc_g_al\">49</span></a><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\" class=\"gsc_g_a\" style=\"right:328px;top:151px;height:9px;z-index:11\"><span class=\"gsc_g_al\">81</span></a><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\" class=\"gsc_g_a\" style=\"right:296px;top:142px;height:18px;z-index:10\"><span class=\"gsc_g_al\">153</span></a><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\" class=\"gsc_g_a\" style=\"right:264px;top:144px;height:16px;z-index:9\"><span class=\"gsc_g_al\">136</span></a><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\" class=\"gsc_g_a\" style=\"right:232px;top:136px;height:24px;z-index:8\"><span class=\"gsc_g_al\">201</span></a><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\" class=\"gsc_g_a\" style=\"right:200px;top:120px;height:40px;z-index:7\"><span class=\"gsc_g_al\">332</span></a><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\" class=\"gsc_g_a\" style=\"right:168px;top:102px;height:58px;z-index:6\"><span class=\"gsc_g_al\">479</span></a><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\" class=\"gsc_g_a\" style=\"right:136px;top:84px;height:76px;z-index:5\"><span class=\"gsc_g_al\">619</span></a><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\" class=\"gsc_g_a\" style=\"right:104px;top:69px;height:91px;z-index:4\"><span class=\"gsc_g_al\">747</span></a><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\" class=\"gsc_g_a\" style=\"right:72px;top:60px;height:100px;z-index:3\"><span class=\"gsc_g_al\">814</span></a><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\" class=\"gsc_g_a\" style=\"right:40px;top:34px;height:126px;z-index:2\"><span class=\"gsc_g_al\">1029</span></a><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\" class=\"gsc_g_a\" style=\"right:8px;top:12px;height:148px;z-index:1\"><span class=\"gsc_g_al\">1209</span></a></div></div></div></div></div><div class=\"gsc_lcl\" role=\"main\" id=\"gsc_prf_w\"><div id=\"gsc_prf\"><button type=\"button\" id=\"gsc_prf_btnf\" class=\"gs_btnMW gs_in_ib gs_btn_act gs_btn_lsu gs_btn_mph\"><span class=\"gs_wr\"><span class=\"gs_ico\"></span><span class=\"gs_lbl\">Follow</span></span></button><div id=\"gsc_prf_pu\"><div id=\"gsc_prf_pua\" class=\"gs_rimg\"><style>#gsc_prf_pup-img{width:96px;height:128px;}@media print{#gs_top #gsc_prf_pup-img{width:60pt;height:80pt;}}</style><img alt=\"Jeff Leek\" sizes=\"print 60px,96px\" src=\"/citations?view_op=view_photo&user=HI-I6C0AAAAJ&citpid=2\" id=\"gsc_prf_pup-img\" srcset=\"/citations?view_op=view_photo&user=HI-I6C0AAAAJ&citpid=2 96w,/citations?view_op=medium_photo&user=HI-I6C0AAAAJ&citpid=2 192w\"></div></div><div id=\"gsc_prf_i\"><div id=\"gsc_prf_in\">Jeff Leek</div><div class=\"gsc_prf_il\">Associate Professor of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health</div><div class=\"gsc_prf_il\" id=\"gsc_prf_ivh\">Verified email at jhsph.edu - <a href=\"http://jtleek.com/\" rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"gsc_prf_ila\">Homepage</a></div><div class=\"gsc_prf_il\" id=\"gsc_prf_int\"><a href=\"/citations?view_op=search_authors&hl=en&oe=ASCII&mauthors=label:statistics\" class=\"gsc_prf_inta gs_ibl\">Statistics</a><a href=\"/citations?view_op=search_authors&hl=en&oe=ASCII&mauthors=label:computing\" class=\"gsc_prf_inta gs_ibl\">Computing</a><a href=\"/citations?view_op=search_authors&hl=en&oe=ASCII&mauthors=label:genomics\" class=\"gsc_prf_inta gs_ibl\">Genomics</a><a href=\"/citations?view_op=search_authors&hl=en&oe=ASCII&mauthors=label:personalized_medicine\" class=\"gsc_prf_inta gs_ibl\">Personalized Medicine</a><a href=\"/citations?view_op=search_authors&hl=en&oe=ASCII&mauthors=label:scientific_communication\" class=\"gsc_prf_inta gs_ibl\">Scientific Communication</a></div></div></div></div><div id=\"gsc_prf_t_wrp\" role=\"navigation\"><div id=\"gsc_prf_t\" role=\"tablist\"><a id=\"gsc_prf_t-art\" class=\"gsc_prf_tab\" href=\"javascript:void(0)\" role=tab aria-controls=\"gsc_art\" aria-selected=\"true\">Articles</a><a id=\"gsc_prf_t-cit\" class=\"gsc_prf_tab\" href=\"javascript:void(0)\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"gsc_rsb_cit\">Cited by</a></div></div><div class=\"gsc_lcl gsc_prf_pnl\" id=\"gsc_art\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"gsc_prf_t-art\"><form method=\"post\" action=\"/citations?hl=en&oe=ASCII&user=HI-I6C0AAAAJ&view_op=list_works\"><input type=\"hidden\" name=\"xsrf\" value=\"AMstHGQAAAAAWiEJpSDY3jl5vVBkd-M9lTivocU-bzv2\"><div id=\"gsc_a_tw\"><table id=\"gsc_a_t\"><thead><tr id=\"gsc_a_tr0\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><th class=\"gsc_a_t\"></th><th class=\"gsc_a_c\"></th><th class=\"gsc_a_y\"></th></tr><tr id=\"gsc_a_trh\"><th class=\"gsc_a_t\" scope=\"col\"><span id=\"gsc_a_ta\"><a href=\"/citations?hl=en&oe=ASCII&user=HI-I6C0AAAAJ&view_op=list_works&sortby=title\" class=\"gsc_a_a\">Title</a></span></th><th class=\"gsc_a_c\" scope=\"col\" dir=\"rtl\"><span id=\"gsc_a_ca\">Cited by</span></th><th class=\"gsc_a_y\" scope=\"col\"><span class=\"gsc_a_h\" id=\"gsc_a_ha\"><a href=\"/citations?hl=en&oe=ASCII&user=HI-I6C0AAAAJ&view_op=list_works&sortby=pubdate\" class=\"gsc_a_a\">Year</a></span></th></tr></thead><tbody id=\"gsc_a_b\"><tr class=\"gsc_a_tr\"><td class=\"gsc_a_t\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\" data-href=\"/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&oe=ASCII&user=HI-I6C0AAAAJ&citation_for_view=HI-I6C0AAAAJ:UeHWp8X0CEIC\" class=\"gsc_a_at\">Tackling the widespread and critical impact of batch effects in high-throughput data</a><div class=\"gs_gray\">JT Leek, RB Scharpf, HC Bravo, D Simcha, B Langmead, WE Johnson, ...</div><div class=\"gs_gray\">Nature Reviews Genetics 11 (10), 733-739<span class=\"gs_oph\">, 2010</span></div></td><td class=\"gsc_a_c\"><a href=\"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?oi=bibs&hl=en&oe=ASCII&cites=16403016020126782741\" class=\"gsc_a_ac gs_ibl\">823</a></td><td class=\"gsc_a_y\"><span class=\"gsc_a_h gsc_a_hc gs_ibl\">2010</span></td></tr><tr class=\"gsc_a_tr\"><td class=\"gsc_a_t\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\" data-href=\"/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&oe=ASCII&user=HI-I6C0AAAAJ&citation_for_view=HI-I6C0AAAAJ:d1gkVwhDpl0C\" class=\"gsc_a_at\">Capturing heterogeneity in gene expression studies by surrogate variable analysis</a><div class=\"gs_gray\">JT Leek, JD Storey</div><div class=\"gs_gray\">PLoS genetics 3 (9), e161<span class=\"gs_oph\">, 2007</span></div></td><td class=\"gsc_a_c\"><a href=\"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?oi=bibs&hl=en&oe=ASCII&cites=14943880347723800617\" class=\"gsc_a_ac gs_ibl\">787</a></td><td class=\"gsc_a_y\"><span class=\"gsc_a_h gsc_a_hc gs_ibl\">2007</span></td></tr><tr class=\"gsc_a_tr\"><td class=\"gsc_a_t\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\" data-href=\"/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&oe=ASCII&user=HI-I6C0AAAAJ&citation_for_view=HI-I6C0AAAAJ:u5HHmVD_uO8C\" class=\"gsc_a_at\">Significance analysis of time course microarray experiments</a><div class=\"gs_gray\">JD Storey, W Xiao, JT Leek, RG Tompkins, RW Davis</div><div class=\"gs_gray\">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of\xa0…<span class=\"gs_oph\">, 2005</span></div></td><td class=\"gsc_a_c\"><a href=\"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?oi=bibs&hl=en&oe=ASCII&cites=8692182196465189153\" class=\"gsc_a_ac gs_ibl\">554</a></td><td class=\"gsc_a_y\"><span class=\"gsc_a_h gsc_a_hc gs_ibl\">2005</span></td></tr><tr class=\"gsc_a_tr\"><td class=\"gsc_a_t\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\" data-href=\"/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&oe=ASCII&user=HI-I6C0AAAAJ&citation_for_view=HI-I6C0AAAAJ:8k81kl-MbHgC\" class=\"gsc_a_at\">The sva package for removing batch effects and other unwanted variation in high-throughput experiments</a><div class=\"gs_gray\">JT Leek, WE Johnson, HS Parker, AE Jaffe, JD Storey</div><div class=\"gs_gray\">Bioinformatics 28 (6), 882-883<span class=\"gs_oph\">, 2012</span></div></td><td class=\"gsc_a_c\"><a href=\"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?oi=bibs&hl=en&oe=ASCII&cites=8144311546232376767\" class=\"gsc_a_ac gs_ibl\">432</a></td><td class=\"gsc_a_y\"><span class=\"gsc_a_h gsc_a_hc gs_ibl\">2012</span></td></tr><tr class=\"gsc_a_tr\"><td class=\"gsc_a_t\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\" data-href=\"/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&oe=ASCII&user=HI-I6C0AAAAJ&citation_for_view=HI-I6C0AAAAJ:Se3iqnhoufwC\" class=\"gsc_a_at\">Temporal dynamics and genetic control of transcription in the human prefrontal cortex</a><div class=\"gs_gray\">C Colantuoni, BK Lipska, T Ye, TM Hyde, R Tao, JT Leek, EA Colantuoni, ...</div><div class=\"gs_gray\">Nature 478 (7370), 519-523<span class=\"gs_oph\">, 2011</span></div></td><td class=\"gsc_a_c\"><a href=\"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?oi=bibs&hl=en&oe=ASCII&cites=15401379057477374674\" class=\"gsc_a_ac gs_ibl\">398</a></td><td class=\"gsc_a_y\"><span class=\"gsc_a_h gsc_a_hc gs_ibl\">2011</span></td></tr><tr class=\"gsc_a_tr\"><td class=\"gsc_a_t\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\" data-href=\"/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&oe=ASCII&user=HI-I6C0AAAAJ&citation_for_view=HI-I6C0AAAAJ:IjCSPb-OGe4C\" class=\"gsc_a_at\">Cloud-scale RNA-sequencing differential expression analysis with Myrna</a><div class=\"gs_gray\">B Langmead, KD Hansen, JT Leek</div><div class=\"gs_gray\">Genome biology 11 (8), R83<span class=\"gs_oph\">, 2010</span></div></td><td class=\"gsc_a_c\"><a href=\"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?oi=bibs&hl=en&oe=ASCII&cites=9392678635432440961\" class=\"gsc_a_ac gs_ibl\">293</a></td><td class=\"gsc_a_y\"><span class=\"gsc_a_h gsc_a_hc gs_ibl\">2010</span></td></tr><tr class=\"gsc_a_tr\"><td class=\"gsc_a_t\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\" data-href=\"/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&oe=ASCII&user=HI-I6C0AAAAJ&citation_for_view=HI-I6C0AAAAJ:5nxA0vEk-isC\" class=\"gsc_a_at\">Bump hunting to identify differentially methylated regions in epigenetic epidemiology studies</a><div class=\"gs_gray\">AE Jaffe, P Murakami, H Lee, JT Leek, MD Fallin, AP Feinberg, RA Irizarry</div><div class=\"gs_gray\">International journal of epidemiology 41 (1), 200-209<span class=\"gs_oph\">, 2012</span></div></td><td class=\"gsc_a_c\"><a href=\"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?oi=bibs&hl=en&oe=ASCII&cites=13917393765835926103\" class=\"gsc_a_ac gs_ibl\">252</a></td><td class=\"gsc_a_y\"><span class=\"gsc_a_h gsc_a_hc gs_ibl\">2012</span></td></tr><tr class=\"gsc_a_tr\"><td class=\"gsc_a_t\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\" data-href=\"/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&oe=ASCII&user=HI-I6C0AAAAJ&citation_for_view=HI-I6C0AAAAJ:u-x6o8ySG0sC\" class=\"gsc_a_at\">EDGE: extraction and analysis of differential gene expression</a><div class=\"gs_gray\">JT Leek, E Monsen, AR Dabney, JD Storey</div><div class=\"gs_gray\">Bioinformatics 22 (4), 507-508<span class=\"gs_oph\">, 2005</span></div></td><td class=\"gsc_a_c\"><a href=\"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?oi=bibs&hl=en&oe=ASCII&cites=8187632533282381752\" class=\"gsc_a_ac gs_ibl\">238</a></td><td class=\"gsc_a_y\"><span class=\"gsc_a_h gsc_a_hc gs_ibl\">2005</span></td></tr><tr class=\"gsc_a_tr\"><td class=\"gsc_a_t\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\" data-href=\"/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&oe=ASCII&user=HI-I6C0AAAAJ&citation_for_view=HI-I6C0AAAAJ:2osOgNQ5qMEC\" class=\"gsc_a_at\">A general framework for multiple testing dependence</a><div class=\"gs_gray\">JT Leek, JD Storey</div><div class=\"gs_gray\">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105 (48), 18718-18723<span class=\"gs_oph\">, 2008</span></div></td><td class=\"gsc_a_c\"><a href=\"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?oi=bibs&hl=en&oe=ASCII&cites=6862569568109470250\" class=\"gsc_a_ac gs_ibl\">224</a></td><td class=\"gsc_a_y\"><span class=\"gsc_a_h gsc_a_hc gs_ibl\">2008</span></td></tr><tr class=\"gsc_a_tr\"><td class=\"gsc_a_t\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\" data-href=\"/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&oe=ASCII&user=HI-I6C0AAAAJ&citation_for_view=HI-I6C0AAAAJ:qjMakFHDy7sC\" class=\"gsc_a_at\">Systems-level dynamic analyses of fate change in murine embryonic stem cells</a><div class=\"gs_gray\">R Lu, F Markowetz, RD Unwin, JT Leek, EM Airoldi, BD MacArthur, ...</div><div class=\"gs_gray\">Nature 462 (7271), 358-362<span class=\"gs_oph\">, 2009</span></div></td><td class=\"gsc_a_c\"><a href=\"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?oi=bibs&hl=en&oe=ASCII&cites=4114573275173642545\" class=\"gsc_a_ac gs_ibl\">206</a></td><td class=\"gsc_a_y\"><span class=\"gsc_a_h gsc_a_hc gs_ibl\">2009</span></td></tr><tr class=\"gsc_a_tr\"><td class=\"gsc_a_t\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\" data-href=\"/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&oe=ASCII&user=HI-I6C0AAAAJ&citation_for_view=HI-I6C0AAAAJ:9yKSN-GCB0IC\" class=\"gsc_a_at\">The optimal discovery procedure for large-scale significance testing, with applications to comparative microarray experiments</a><div class=\"gs_gray\">JD Storey, JY Dai, JT Leek</div><div class=\"gs_gray\">Biostatistics 8 (2), 414-432<span class=\"gs_oph\">, 2006</span></div></td><td class=\"gsc_a_c\"><a href=\"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?oi=bibs&hl=en&oe=ASCII&cites=17297798686715328292\" class=\"gsc_a_ac gs_ibl\">165</a></td><td class=\"gsc_a_y\"><span class=\"gsc_a_h gsc_a_hc gs_ibl\">2006</span></td></tr><tr class=\"gsc_a_tr\"><td class=\"gsc_a_t\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\" data-href=\"/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&oe=ASCII&user=HI-I6C0AAAAJ&citation_for_view=HI-I6C0AAAAJ:0EnyYjriUFMC\" class=\"gsc_a_at\">ReCount: a multi-experiment resource of analysis-ready RNA-seq gene count datasets</a><div class=\"gs_gray\">AC Frazee, B Langmead, JT Leek</div><div class=\"gs_gray\">BMC bioinformatics 12 (1), 449<span class=\"gs_oph\">, 2011</span></div></td><td class=\"gsc_a_c\"><a href=\"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?oi=bibs&hl=en&oe=ASCII&cites=5499264026160610251\" class=\"gsc_a_ac gs_ibl\">120</a></td><td class=\"gsc_a_y\"><span class=\"gsc_a_h gsc_a_hc gs_ibl\">2011</span></td></tr><tr class=\"gsc_a_tr\"><td class=\"gsc_a_t\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\" data-href=\"/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&oe=ASCII&user=HI-I6C0AAAAJ&citation_for_view=HI-I6C0AAAAJ:LkGwnXOMwfcC\" class=\"gsc_a_at\">Sequencing technology does not eliminate biological variability</a><div class=\"gs_gray\">KD Hansen, Z Wu, RA Irizarry, JT Leek</div><div class=\"gs_gray\">Nature biotechnology 29 (7), 572-573<span class=\"gs_oph\">, 2011</span></div></td><td class=\"gsc_a_c\"><a href=\"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?oi=bibs&hl=en&oe=ASCII&cites=13984583295080419572\" class=\"gsc_a_ac gs_ibl\">103</a></td><td class=\"gsc_a_y\"><span class=\"gsc_a_h gsc_a_hc gs_ibl\">2011</span></td></tr><tr class=\"gsc_a_tr\"><td class=\"gsc_a_t\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\" data-href=\"/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&oe=ASCII&user=HI-I6C0AAAAJ&citation_for_view=HI-I6C0AAAAJ:K3LRdlH-MEoC\" class=\"gsc_a_at\">On the design and analysis of gene expression studies in human populations</a><div class=\"gs_gray\">JM Akey, S Biswas, JT Leek, JD Storey</div><div class=\"gs_gray\">Nature genetics 39 (7), 807-808<span class=\"gs_oph\">, 2007</span></div></td><td class=\"gsc_a_c\"><a href=\"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?oi=bibs&hl=en&oe=ASCII&cites=15714386653555288843\" class=\"gsc_a_ac gs_ibl\">102</a></td><td class=\"gsc_a_y\"><span class=\"gsc_a_h gsc_a_hc gs_ibl\">2007</span></td></tr><tr class=\"gsc_a_tr\"><td class=\"gsc_a_t\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\" data-href=\"/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&oe=ASCII&user=HI-I6C0AAAAJ&citation_for_view=HI-I6C0AAAAJ:ldfaerwXgEUC\" class=\"gsc_a_at\">Statistics: P values are just the tip of the iceberg.</a><div class=\"gs_gray\">JT Leek, RD Peng</div><div class=\"gs_gray\">Nature 520 (7549), 612<span class=\"gs_oph\">, 2015</span></div></td><td class=\"gsc_a_c\"><a href=\"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?oi=bibs&hl=en&oe=ASCII&cites=7990176079596762579\" class=\"gsc_a_ac gs_ibl\">78</a></td><td class=\"gsc_a_y\"><span class=\"gsc_a_h gsc_a_hc gs_ibl\">2015</span></td></tr><tr class=\"gsc_a_tr\"><td class=\"gsc_a_t\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\" data-href=\"/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&oe=ASCII&user=HI-I6C0AAAAJ&citation_for_view=HI-I6C0AAAAJ:-f6ydRqryjwC\" class=\"gsc_a_at\">An estimate of the science-wise false discovery rate and application to the top medical literature</a><div class=\"gs_gray\">LR Jager, JT Leek</div><div class=\"gs_gray\">Biostatistics 15 (1), 1-12<span class=\"gs_oph\">, 2013</span></div></td><td class=\"gsc_a_c\"><a href=\"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?oi=bibs&hl=en&oe=ASCII&cites=7889935075533581268,15367445605081037117\" class=\"gsc_a_ac gs_ibl\">74</a></td><td class=\"gsc_a_y\"><span class=\"gsc_a_h gsc_a_hc gs_ibl\">2013</span></td></tr><tr class=\"gsc_a_tr\"><td class=\"gsc_a_t\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\" data-href=\"/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&oe=ASCII&user=HI-I6C0AAAAJ&citation_for_view=HI-I6C0AAAAJ:hqOjcs7Dif8C\" class=\"gsc_a_at\">Significance analysis and statistical dissection of variably methylated regions</a><div class=\"gs_gray\">AE Jaffe, AP Feinberg, RA Irizarry, JT Leek</div><div class=\"gs_gray\">Biostatistics 13 (1), 166-178<span class=\"gs_oph\">, 2011</span></div></td><td class=\"gsc_a_c\"><a href=\"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?oi=bibs&hl=en&oe=ASCII&cites=16381092202221167987\" class=\"gsc_a_ac gs_ibl\">74</a></td><td class=\"gsc_a_y\"><span class=\"gsc_a_h gsc_a_hc gs_ibl\">2011</span></td></tr><tr class=\"gsc_a_tr\"><td class=\"gsc_a_t\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\" data-href=\"/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&oe=ASCII&user=HI-I6C0AAAAJ&citation_for_view=HI-I6C0AAAAJ:NhqRSupF_l8C\" class=\"gsc_a_at\">Transcript-level expression analysis of RNA-seq experiments with HISAT, StringTie and Ballgown</a><div class=\"gs_gray\">M Pertea, D Kim, GM Pertea, JT Leek, SL Salzberg</div><div class=\"gs_gray\">Nature protocols 11 (9), 1650-1667<span class=\"gs_oph\">, 2016</span></div></td><td class=\"gsc_a_c\"><a href=\"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?oi=bibs&hl=en&oe=ASCII&cites=11597093095454118770\" class=\"gsc_a_ac gs_ibl\">71</a></td><td class=\"gsc_a_y\"><span class=\"gsc_a_h gsc_a_hc gs_ibl\">2016</span></td></tr><tr class=\"gsc_a_tr\"><td class=\"gsc_a_t\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\" data-href=\"/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&oe=ASCII&user=HI-I6C0AAAAJ&citation_for_view=HI-I6C0AAAAJ:Tiz5es2fbqcC\" class=\"gsc_a_at\">SVA: surrogate variable analysis</a><div class=\"gs_gray\">JT Leek, WE Johnson, HS Parker, AE Jaffe, JD Storey</div><div class=\"gs_gray\">R package version 3 (0)<span class=\"gs_oph\">, 2013</span></div></td><td class=\"gsc_a_c\"><a href=\"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?oi=bibs&hl=en&oe=ASCII&cites=6434773853389653542\" class=\"gsc_a_ac gs_ibl\">67</a></td><td class=\"gsc_a_y\"><span class=\"gsc_a_h gsc_a_hc gs_ibl\">2013</span></td></tr><tr class=\"gsc_a_tr\"><td class=\"gsc_a_t\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\" data-href=\"/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&oe=ASCII&user=HI-I6C0AAAAJ&citation_for_view=HI-I6C0AAAAJ:BqipwSGYUEgC\" class=\"gsc_a_at\">Developmental regulation of human cortex transcription and its clinical relevance at single base resolution</a><div class=\"gs_gray\">AE Jaffe, J Shin, L Collado-Torres, JT Leek, R Tao, C Li, Y Gao, Y Jia, ...</div><div class=\"gs_gray\">Nature neuroscience 18 (1), 154-161<span class=\"gs_oph\">, 2015</span></div></td><td class=\"gsc_a_c\"><a href=\"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?oi=bibs&hl=en&oe=ASCII&cites=10491065069728818067\" class=\"gsc_a_ac gs_ibl\">65</a></td><td class=\"gsc_a_y\"><span class=\"gsc_a_h gsc_a_hc gs_ibl\">2015</span></td></tr></tbody></table><div id=\"gsc_a_sp\"></div><div id=\"gsc_a_err\" class=\"gs_alrt\">The system can't perform the operation now. Try again later.</div></div><div id=\"gsc_lwp\"><span id=\"gsc_a_nn\">Articles 1–20</span><div id=\"gsc_bpf\"><button type=\"button\" id=\"gsc_bpf_more\" class=\"gs_btnPD gs_in_ib gs_btn_flat gs_btn_lrge gs_btn_lsu\"><span class=\"gs_wr\"><span class=\"gs_ico\"></span><span class=\"gs_lbl\">Show more</span></span></button></div></div></form></div></div></div></div><div id=\"gs_ftr_sp\" role=\"presentation\"></div><div id=\"gs_ftr\" role=\"contentinfo\"><div id=\"gs_ftr_rt\"><a href=\"/intl/en/scholar/about.html\">Help</a><a href=\"//www.google.com/intl/en/policies/privacy/\">Privacy</a><a href=\"//www.google.com/intl/en/policies/terms/\">Terms</a></div></div></div></body></html>" install.packages(“XML”)
library(XML)
url<- "https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=HI-I6C0AAAAJ&hl=en"
html <- htmlTreeParse(url,useInternalNodes=T)
xpathSApply(html,"//title",xmlValue)
xpathSApply(html,"//td[@id='col-citedyby']",xmlValue)
list()install.packages(“httr”)
library(httr); html2 = GET(url)
content2 = content(html2, as="text")
parsedHtml = htmlParse(content2, asText=TRUE)
xpathSApply(parsedHtml,"//title",xmlValue)
[1] "Jeff Leek - Google Scholar Citations"pg1 = GET("http://httpbin.org/basic-auth/user/passwd")
pg1
Response [http://httpbin.org/basic-auth/user/passwd]
Date: 2017-11-30 08:05
Status: 401
Content-Type: <unknown>
<EMPTY BODY>pg2
Response [http://httpbin.org/basic-auth/user/passwd]
Date: 2017-11-30 08:07
Status: 200
Content-Type: application/json
Size: 47 B
{
"authenticated": true,
"user": "user"
}names(pg2)
[1] "url" "status_code" "headers"
[4] "all_headers" "cookies" "content"
[7] "date" "times" "request"
[10] "handle"